Partition-coordinated control of soil and water loss for chestnut forests in the Yanshan Mountain Region,China   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Xinhui Ding  Guangquan Liu  Xiaoying Liu  Yongsheng Xie  Zhichun Yue 《国际泥沙研究》2019,34(1):58-64

Soil erosion from chestnut forests is one of the most important factors causing land degradation in the Yanshan Mountain Region. A 2-year field study was done to compare the effects on erosion of a control plot (CP), a repaired and maintained horizontal ditch built with an engineering baffle every 6?m (MP 1), and a repaired and maintained horizontal ditch built with an engineering baffle every 8?m (MP 2). The results showed that the slope runoff of chestnut forests was influenced by rainfall characteristic factors. No single rainfall characteristic factor showed dominance for hill slope runoff. The runoff reduction effect of the partition-coordinated erosion control measures (MP 1 and MP 2) was substantial for chestnut forests under high rainfall intensity conditions. However, the runoff reduction efficiency was higher under the conditions of heavy rainfall and low average rainfall intensity than for storms with higher intensity and lower total rainfall. The reduction effect of the partition-coordinated erosion control measures on the runoff and sediment yield of chestnut forest slopes was MP 2 > MP 1 > CP. The runoff reduction rate and erosion reduction rate of MP 2 reached 61.70% and 97.41%, respectively, and that for MP 1 was 54.15% and 85.31%, respectively. Therefore, after a comprehensive comparison, MP 2 was determined to be more effective for soil erosion control for a sloping chestnut forest.  相似文献   

城市湖泊春季绿藻水华特征及其影响因素——以宁波月湖为例     

周卢茜  裘钱玲琳  唐剑锋  徐耀阳  潘军标  王小德 《湖泊科学》2019,31(4):1023-1034

城市湖泊富营养化问题日趋严峻，以往对水华的研究多集中于大型自然淡水湖库，而对小型城市浅水湖泊的水华动态相对较少.以宁波月湖为研究对象，探讨水华暴发期间浮游植物变化特征及与影响因子之间的关系，以期判别影响城市湖泊水华的主控因子.月湖水华期间营养盐水平处于中富营养至极端富营养之间，此次共检出浮游植物8门61属，藻种组成以绿藻门（51.79%）和硅藻门（21.43%）为主，各点位浮游植物生长主要受水温、光照驱动，经历了隐藻门→硅藻门→绿藻门→蓝藻门的演替.水华种为雷氏衣藻（Chlamydomonas reinhardtii），总藻密度最高达到1.55×10⁸ cells/L，水华暴发后各点位衣藻属比例升高（最高达到81.10%），群落结构呈现单一化特征.通过Pearson相关性分析和RDA分析发现衣藻属生长与水温、pH、总磷浓度均呈显著正相关，春季气温回升、天气持续晴好，城市浅水湖泊高营养盐负荷、水体流动性差等特点为带鞭毛的衣藻属提供了适宜的生存条件，在环境条件均适宜的情况下拥有最大生长潜力的衣藻属在营养盐、光照等竞争中生长速率明显优于其他藻种，从而发生绿藻水华.  相似文献   

太湖不同生态型湖区枝角类组成和丰度长期变化的差异性     

程龙娟  姚书春  薛滨  李玲玲  刘金亮 《湖泊科学》2019,31(6):1670-1684

枝角类作为淡水湖泊生态系统中的初级消费者之一,对生存环境的改变极为敏感.本文分析了太湖西、中和东部等湖区的钻孔沉积物、表层沉积物以及春夏秋季活体枝角类的组成与丰度.结果表明:活体枝角类组成以象鼻溞(Bosmina spp.)为优势种,秋季枝角类属种数量最多.太湖不同生态型湖区表层沉积物枝角类组成均以象鼻溞为优势种,其中西部与中心湖区的枝角类组成与丰度较为相似,种类单一,枝角类绝对丰度高;东部湖区枝角类属种较为丰富,绝对丰度低,优势种由浮游种象鼻溞以及沿岸种圆形盘肠溞(Chydorus sphaericus sl)和西方笔纹溞(Graptoleberis testudinaria)等种属构成.百年以来,太湖枝角类组成与丰度随着营养水平增加而改变,富营养指示种(Bosmina longirostris)丰度的增加与贫营养指示种(Bosmina longispina)丰度的下降,响应了湖区生态环境的演变过程.1970s末期,太湖西部与中心湖区在进入富营养化阶段,枝角类组成单一,象鼻溞占有绝对优势,与东部湖区相比,沿岸种、底栖种稀少.东部湖区在1960s以后,枝角类属种数量增加,但丰度下降,响应了1960s以来该区域营养水平提高、沉水植被生物量增加以及沼泽化加剧的环境过程.  相似文献   

太湖蓝藻水华暴发机制与控制对策   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

杨柳燕  杨欣妍  任丽曼  钱新  肖琳 《湖泊科学》2019,31(1):18-27

湖泊蓝藻水华暴发由于引发水生态系统的灾害和饮用水安全风险而成为国内外研究的热点之一.太湖蓝藻水华暴发原因多样，其中蓝藻自身的特性是水华暴发的内因，太湖的地理、水文和气象特征为蓝藻水华暴发提供了合适的温度和水动力条件，是蓝藻水华暴发的外因，湖泊草-藻型生态系统的转变以及氮、磷营养盐的高负荷输入更利于蓝藻生长，湖泊氮、磷营养盐四重循环是蓝藻水华不断暴发的维持机制，蓝藻水华暴发与氮、磷营养盐浓度之间存在交互作用关系.太湖蓝藻水华的控制应以陆源控源截污为基础，增加湖泊营养盐输出为重点，实现疏堵有机结合，其中恢复水生植被，重建草-藻结合型水生态系统是太湖湖泊生态修复的关键所在.  相似文献   

Comparing threshold definition techniques for rainfall‐induced landslides: A national assessment using radar rainfall          下载免费PDF全文

Benjamin Postance  John Hillier  Tom Dijkstra  Neil Dixon 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2018,43(2):553-560

Translational landslides and debris flows are often initiated during intense or prolonged rainfall. Empirical thresholds aim to classify the rain conditions that are commonly associated with landslide occurrence and therefore improve understating of these hazards and predictive ability. Objective techniques that are used to determine these thresholds are likely to be affected by the length of the rain record used, yet this is not routinely considered. Moreover, remotely sensed spatially continuous rainfall observations are under‐exploited. This study compares and evaluates the effect of rain record length on two objective threshold selection techniques in a national assessment of Scotland using weather radar data. Thresholds selected by ‘threat score’ are sensitive to rain record length whereas, in a first application to landslides, ‘optimal point’ (OP) thresholds prove relatively consistent. OP thresholds increase landslide detection and may therefore be applicable in early‐warning systems. Thresholds combining 1‐ and 12‐day antecedence variables best distinguish landslide initiation conditions and indicate that Scottish landslides may be initiated by lower rain accumulation and intensities than previously thought. © 2017 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.  相似文献   

基于专利的石漠化治理技术分析     

宁宝英  马建霞  姜志德 《中国沙漠》2019,39(5):135-142

石漠化是发生面积仅次于沙漠化的荒漠化类型，已成为中国西南喀斯特山区可持续发展的主要障碍，其治理与恢复是复杂的系统工程。从治理技术层面，以1 159组简单专利族为数据基础，揭示国内石漠化治理技术类别分布和主要领域。在对专利进行简要计量分析以提供概貌认识的基础上，通过阅读专利摘要内容，采用自下而上的聚类方法将当前专利划分为石漠化判断、治理、产业经济3个大类，监测与评价、科研仪器、生物治理、工程治理、化学治理、综合治理、综合产业、农业和工业9个中类，更细分至雨水搜集净化等42个小类。根据专利数量认定的四大主要技术领域为：工程治理（8.63%）、水分利用（12.51%）、栽培种植（27.52%）、植物资源加工（9.67%），占总量的58.33%，专利领域分布相对集中。对主要技术领域采用内容分析法，提取工程治理具体措施、集雨工具、植物、加工制品等的信息并对其进行了详细阐述，指出目前专利技术中的问题：石漠化地区特有的植物资源众多，但目前加工层次偏低，应在拓展加工类型、延长加工产业链条、发掘植物药用和日用价值方面加大研发力度；防止土壤漏失技术、设施农业技术和生命基因技术亟待发展。分析可为全面认识国内石漠化治理技术提供专利视角的参照。  相似文献   

Stormwater control impacts on runoff volume and peak flow: A meta-analysis of watershed modelling studies     

Colin D. Bell  Jordyn M. Wolfand  Chelsea L. Panos  Aditi S. Bhaskar  Ryan L. Gilliom  Terri S. Hogue  Kristina G. Hopkins  Anne J. Jefferson 《水文研究》2020,34(14):3134-3152

Decades of research has concluded that the percent of impervious surface cover in a watershed is strongly linked to negative impacts on urban stream health. Recently, there has been a push by municipalities to offset these effects by installing structural stormwater control measures (SCMs), which are landscape features designed to retain and reduce runoff to mitigate the effects of urbanisation on event hydrology. The goal of this study is to build generalisable relationships between the level of SCM implementation in urban watersheds and resulting changes to hydrology. A literature review of 185 peer-reviewed studies of watershed-scale SCM implementation across the globe was used to identify 52 modelling studies suitable for a meta-analysis to build statistical relationships between SCM implementation and hydrologic change. Hydrologic change is quantified as the percent reduction in storm event runoff volume and peak flow between a watershed with SCMs relative to a (near) identical control watershed without SCMs. Results show that for each additional 1% of SCM-mitigated impervious area in a watershed, there is an additional 0.43% reduction in runoff and a 0.60% reduction in peak flow. Values of SCM implementation required to produce a change in water quantity metrics were identified at varying levels of probability. For example, there is a 90% probability (high confidence) of at least a 1% reduction in peak flow with mitigation of 33% of impervious surfaces. However, as the reduction target increases or mitigated impervious surface decreases, the probability of reaching the reduction target also decreases. These relationships can be used by managers to plan SCM implementation at the watershed scale.  相似文献   

无人机大比例尺测图像控点布设方案设计     

袁德宝  张新新  周振青  任兴达 《北京测绘》2020,(4):523-527

随着无人机技术的快速发展,无人机航空摄影测量的精度也大大改善,以无人机为平台低空摄影测量大比例尺地图成为可能。本文以旋翼无人机搭载非测量型相机,通过布设不同数量像控点进行分析和研究,得到无人机摄影测量在农村地区像控点布设规律。结果证明在合理像控点布设的情况下,无人机测图数字成果空中三角测量、平面和高程精度均可满足1∶500、1∶1000、1∶2000大比例尺地形测图的精度要求。  相似文献   

移动GIS在传染病防控方面的应用——以COVID-19为例     

胡盼  何艺  刘韬  黄铁军  何超 《测绘通报》2020,(7):50-52

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19）疫情的出现和暴发流行，给社会、经济及人群健康提出巨大的挑战，已经成为重大公共卫生事件和社会问题。作为一种新发传染病，提早发现、迅速采用有效应对举措，是防止病毒蔓延扩散的重要环节。地理信息系统（GIS）在传染病的控制、预防、预警中有举足轻重的地位，移动GIS（Mobile GIS）作为GIS技术的发展，进一步提高了我国卫生部门应对突发传染病的能力。本文以COVID-19防控为例，重点介绍了移动GIS技术在传染病防控中的应用。  相似文献   

高精度导航电子地图的国家安全防控要点探究     

张雨心  左栋 《测绘通报》2020,(10):148-151

近年来，汽车工业已进入智能时代，自动驾驶汽车必将引领时代风潮，与之而来的则是高精度导航电子地图产业的大发展。然而，高精度导航电子地图的出现，使导航电子地图由人读向机读转变。与之伴随的数据采集、更新、使用等方面的变化及可能产生的各种问题不容忽视，尤其是部分环节如果处理不当还将威胁国家安全。本文从高精度导航电子地图对国家安全可能造成危害的风险点切入，分析了高精度导航电子地图在数据采集、更新、使用等环节的国家安全风险，制定防控要点，为促进高精度导航电子地图行业的健康发展发挥相应作用。  相似文献